Fracturas de cadera en pacientes tratados con fármacos antipsicóticos. Estudio de cohortes históricas en Cataluña / Hip fractures in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Study of retrospective cohorts in Catalonia

Objetivo: Evaluar la incidencia de fractura de cadera en pacientes con tratamiento antipsicótico, comparándola con la de individuos que no han sido tratados con antipsicóticos.Diseño: Estudio de cohortes históricas de pacientes tratados con fármacos antipsicóticos (TAP) y pacientes sin tratamiento conocido (no TAP). El periodo de observación fue 2006-2014.Emplazamiento: Todos los equipos de atención primaria de Cataluña del Instituto Catalán de la Salud (ICS).Participantes: Pacientes mayores de 44 años con TAP de al menos 3 meses de duración. Cohorte control: selección aleatoria de pacientes no TAP emparejando por comorbilidades basales, sexo, edad y prescripción de fármacos (excluyendo psicofármacos). Se analiza un total de 22.010 pacientes.Mediciones principales Tasa de incidencia (×1.000 personas-año [PY]) de fractura de cadera en cada grupo (TAP y no TAP). Modelos de regresión de Cox para estimar riesgos ajustados (hazard ratio [HR]) añadiendo los psicofármacos como covariables. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de fractura de cadera fue mayor en los pacientes TAP (5,83 frente a 3,58 fracturas por 1.000 PY), y es mayor en todos los estratos según sexo, edad y tipo de diagnóstico. El riesgo de sufrir una fractura de cadera fue un 60% mayor (HR: 1,60; IC95%: 1,34-1,92) en el grupo TAP que en el grupo no TAP. El riesgo fue mayor en el grupo con esquizofrenia (HR: 3,57; IC95%: 1,75-7,30), seguido del trastorno bipolar (HR: 2,61; IC95%: 1,39-4,92) y depresión (HR: 1,51; IC95%: 1,21-1,88). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con tratamiento antipsicótico presentan más riesgo de fractura de cadera que los que no han sido tratados con antipsicóticos.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of hip fracture in patients with antipsychotic treatment, comparing it with that of individuals who have not been treated with antipsychotics.DesignRetrospective cohort study of patients treated with antipsychotic drugs (TAP) and patients without known treatment (non-TAP). The observation period was 2006–2014.SiteAll primary care teams in Catalonia of the Catalan Health Institute (ICS).ParticipantsPatients older than 44 years with TAP lasting at least 3 months. Control cohort: random selection of non-TAP patients matching for baseline comorbidities and other variables. A total of 22,010 are analyzed.Main measurements Incidence rate (1000× person-years: PY) of hip fracture in each group (TAP and non-TAP). Cox regression models to estimate adjusted risks (hazard ratio: HR).ResultsThe hip fracture incidence rate was higher in TAP patients (5.83 vs 3.58 fractures per 1000 PY), and is higher in all strata according to sex, age and type of diagnosis. The risk of suffering a hip fracture was 60% higher (HR: 1.60 95% CI: 1.34–1.92) in the TAP group than in the non-TAP group. The risk was higher in the group with schizophrenia (HR: 3.57 95% CI: 1.75–7.30), followed by bipolar disorder (HR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.39–4.92) and depression (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.21–1.88).ConclusionsPatients with antipsychotic treatment have a higher risk of hip fracture than those who have not been treated with antipsychotics.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Primary Care and the Role of Depression Severity and Treatment Attendance.

Objectives: Evidence suggests the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent depression relapse and decrease depressive symptoms during the acute phase. However, the effectiveness of MBCT in real-world heterogeneous samples treated in clinical health settings, including primary care, has received little attention. This study had two aims: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of MBCT delivered in primary care considering pre-treatment depression scores and (2) to explore the role of participants' characteristics on symptom improvement. Methods: Data were obtained from 433 individuals who received MBCT. Participants completed the Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) pretreatment and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) pre- and post-treatment. Results: Sixty percent presented moderate-to-severe depression according to scores on the BDI-II, 18.1% presented mild depression, and 21.7% were in the non-depressed range. The severity of pre-treatment depressive symptoms was associated with outcomes. Most individuals who lacked depressive symptoms at baseline remained in the non-clinical range after the treatment. Those in the severe group benefited the most from the intervention, since 35.6% were considered recovered. Rates of deterioration ranged from 2.1 to 2.7%, depending on the depression-baseline scores. Depression severity at the entrance, attendance, and age, but not personality traits, appear to be related to symptom improvement. Conclusions: According to our results, MBCT can be effectively and safely delivered in primary care.

[Hip fractures in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Study of retrospective cohorts in Catalonia]. / Fracturas de cadera en pacientes tratados con fármacos antipsicóticos. Estudio de cohortes históricas en Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of hip fracture in patients with antipsychotic treatment, comparing it with that of individuals who have not been treated with antipsychotics. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients treated with antipsychotic drugs (TAP) and patients without known treatment (non-TAP). The observation period was 2006-2014. SITE: All primary care teams in Catalonia of the Catalan Health Institute (ICS). PARTICIPANTS: Patients older than 44 years with TAP lasting at least 3 months. Control cohort: random selection of non-TAP patients matching for baseline comorbidities and other variables. A total of 22,010 are analyzed. Main measurements Incidence rate (1000× person-years: PY) of hip fracture in each group (TAP and non-TAP). Cox regression models to estimate adjusted risks (hazard ratio: HR). RESULTS: The hip fracture incidence rate was higher in TAP patients (5.83 vs 3.58 fractures per 1000 PY), and is higher in all strata according to sex, age and type of diagnosis. The risk of suffering a hip fracture was 60% higher (HR: 1.60 95% CI: 1.34-1.92) in the TAP group than in the non-TAP group. The risk was higher in the group with schizophrenia (HR: 3.57 95% CI: 1.75-7.30), followed by bipolar disorder (HR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.39-4.92) and depression (HR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.21-1.88). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with antipsychotic treatment have a higher risk of hip fracture than those who have not been treated with antipsychotics.

Effectiveness of a Psychoeducational Group Intervention Carried Out by Nurses for Patients with Depression and Physical Comorbidity in Primary Care: Randomized Clinical Trial.

The association between physical illness and depression implies a poorer management of chronic disease and a lower response to antidepressant treatments. Our study evaluates the effectiveness of a psychoeducational group intervention led by Primary Care (PC) nurses, aimed at patients of this kind. It is a randomized, multicenter clinical trial with intervention (IG) and control groups (CG), blind response variables, and a one year follow-up. The study included 380 patients ≥50 years of age from 18 PC teams. The participants presented depression (BDI-II > 12) and a physical comorbidity: diabetes mellitus type 2, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or asthma. The IG (n = 204) received the psychoeducational intervention (12 weekly sessions of 90 min), and the CG (n = 176) had standard care. The patients were evaluated at baseline, and at 4 and 12 months. The main outcome measures were clinical remission of depressive symptoms (BDI-II ≤ 13) and therapeutic response (reduction of depressive symptoms by 50%). Remission was not significant at four months. At 12 months it was 53.9% in the IG and 41.5% in the CG. (OR = 0.61, 95% CI, 0.49-0.76). At 4 months the response in the IG (OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.44-0.78) was significant, but not at 12 months. The psychoeducational group intervention led by PC nurses for individuals with depression and physical comorbidity has been shown to be effective for remission at long-term and for therapeutic response at short-term.

Family Features of Social Withdrawal Syndrome (Hikikomori).

Background: Family may play an important role in the origin, maintenance, and treatment of people with social withdrawal. The aim of this study is to analyze family factors related to social withdrawal syndrome. Methods: Socio-demographic, clinical, and family data, including family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and history of family abuse were analyzed in 190 cases of social withdrawal with a minimum duration of 6 months that started an at-home treatment program. Data were analyzed at baseline and at 12 months. Results: In 36 cases (18%) neither the patient nor the family allowed at home evaluation and treatment by the Crisis Resolution Home Treatment (CRHT) team. Patients had high rates of dysfunctional family dynamics (n = 115, 61.5%), and family psychiatric history (n = 113, 59.3%), especially maternal affective (n = 22, 42.9%), and anxiety disorders (n = 11 20.4%). There was a non-negligible percentage of family maltreatment in childhood (n = 35, 20.7%) and single-parent families (n = 66, 37.8%). Most of the cases lived with their families (n = 135, 86%), had higher family collaboration in the therapeutic plan (n = 97, 51.9%) and families were the ones to detect patient isolation and call for help (n = 140, 73.7%). Higher social withdrawal severity (as defined by at least one of: early age of onset, no family collaboration, lack of insight, higher CGSI score, and higher Zarit score), was associated with family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and family abuse history. All of these predictive variables were highly correlated one to each other. Conclusions: There is a high frequency of family psychiatric history, dysfunctional family dynamics, and traumatic events in childhood (family maltreatment), and these factors are closely interrelated, highlighting the potential role of family in the development and maintenance of social withdrawal.

Unidad de Hospitalización Domiciliaria del Hospital del Mar. Equipo de atención psiquiátrica domiciliaria en el área de Barcelona / Psychiatric Home Hospitalization Unit of the Hospital del Mar. A crisis resolution and home treatment team in Barcelona

Introducción: A pesar del desarrollo de la hospitalización domiciliaria en España durante los últimos años, es llamativa la escasez de literatura. El siguiente estudio pretende exponer los datos obtenidos por la Unidad de Hospitalización a Domicilio de Psiquiatría del Hospital del Mar (HADMar). HADMar es un programa de hospitalización domiciliaria creado hace 2años, que recibe pacientes procedentes de servicios comunitarios y hospitalarios con un seguimiento limitado en el tiempo. Al alta, el paciente es derivado a la unidad de referencia ambulatoria apropiada para cada caso. Material y métodos: Se seleccionó a todos los pacientes visitados desde 2015 hasta la actualidad. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo que define las características sociodemográficas de la muestra. Las variables clínicas estudiadas fueron la gravedad de los síntomas, el riesgo de suicidio y los cambios en la funcionalidad. Resultados: Un total de 135 pacientes fueron incluidos en la muestra. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 44,6 años y no hubo diferencias entre ambos sexos. De ellos, 26 pacientes tenían un historial de intentos autolíticos y el 11,1% vivían solos. El 51,1% fueron diagnosticados de un trastorno psicótico. La puntuación media en la escala GEP en la variable gravedad de los síntomas psiquiátricos fue 2,39 y el riesgo medio de suicidio 0,49. La puntuación de EEAG al alta era mayor que al ingreso. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en nuestro estudio son consistentes con resultados reportados en estudios previos. Los equipos de hospitalización domiciliaria han demostrado ser una alternativa a la hospitalización tradicional. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios que apoyen estos resultados

Introduction: Although home hospitalization has begun to develop widely in recent years there is a notable lack of studies. The following study includes data from the Psychiatric Home Hospitalization Unit of the Hospital del Mar (HADMar). This program has been running for 2years and takes place in a socio-demographically depressed area in Barcelona. It receives patients from community and hospital services. Monitoring is limited in time and at discharge patient are referred to the ambulatory unit. Material and methods: All patients visited from 2015 to the present time were selected. A total of 135 patients were included in the sample. A qualitative descriptive study was carried out in order to define the socio-demographic characteristics. The severity of symptoms, suicidal risk and changes in the functionality were considered as clinical outcomes. Results: The mean age of patients was 44.6 years and there were no gender differences. A total of 26 patients had a history of suicidal attempts and 11.1% lived alone; 51.1% were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. The mean GEP score for the severity of the psychiatric symptoms was 2.39 and the mean risk of suicide was 0.49. There is an increase in the EEAG score from admission to discharge, which means an improvement in the functionality of patients. Conclusions: The results obtained in our study are consistent with previous results. Home crisis intervention teams have proved to be an alternative to traditional hospitalization. However, more studies are needed to support these results

Effectiveness of a psychoeducation group intervention conducted by primary healthcare nurses in patients with depression and physical comorbidity: study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are the third leading cause of consultation in primary care, mainly in patients with chronic physical illnesses. Studies have shown the effectiveness of group psychoeducation in reducing symptoms in depressive individuals. Our primary aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention based on a psychoeducational program, carried out by primary care nurses, to improve the remission/response rate of depression in patients with chronic physical illness. Secondarily, to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention, its impact on improving control of the physical pathology and quality of life, and intervention feasibility. METHODS/DESIGN: A multicenter, randomized, clinical trial, with two groups and one-year follow-up evaluation. Economic evaluation study. SUBJECTS: We will assess 504 patients (252 in each group) aged > 50 years assigned to 25 primary healthcare centers (PHC) from Catalonia (urban, semi-urban, and rural). Participants suffer from major depression (Beck depression inventory: BDI-II 13-28) and at least one of the following: type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and/or ischemic cardiopathy. Patients with moderate/severe suicide risk or severe mental disorders are excluded. Participants will be distributed randomly into the intervention group (IG) and control (CG). INTERVENTION: The IG will participate in the psychoeducational intervention: 12 sessions of 90 min, once a week led by two Primary Care (PC) nurses. The sessions will consist of health education regarding chronic physical illness and depressive symptoms. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Clinical remission of depression and/or response to intervention (BDI-II). SECONDARY MEASUREMENTS: Improvement in control of chronic diseases (blood test and physical parameters), drug compliance (Morinsky-Green test and number of containers returned), quality of life (EQ-5D), medical service utilization (appointments and hospital admissions due to complications), and feasibility of the intervention (satisfaction and compliance). Evaluations will be blinded, and conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and 12 months follow-up. DISCUSSION: Results could be informative for efforts to prevent depression in patients with a chronic physical illness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03243799 (registration date August 9, 2017).

La hiperlaxitud articular como marcador de ansiedad en niños / Joint hypermobility is a marker for anxiety in children

Antecedentes: Se ha encontrado que el síndrome de hiperlaxitud articular (SHLA) está asociado a trastornos de ansiedad en poblaciones clínicas y no clínicas, aunque hasta la fecha ningún estudio ha evaluado esta asociación en niños. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar el SHLA junto con la ansiedad, las medidas somáticas y conductuales en niños, para clarificar si el SHLA está asociado a cualquiera de estas variables en este rango de edad. Métodos: Se reclutó una muestra de 160 niños (74 chicas y 86 chicos) con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 17 años, procedentes de una clínica de salud mental de niños/adolescentes, para participar en el estudio. A todos los niños se les realizó una entrevista diagnóstica utilizando Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. Los instrumentos utilizados incluyeron Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Screening Questionnaire to detect Hypermobility (SQ-CH) y Children Manifested Anxiety Scale (CMAS-R). Resultados: La prevalencia de SHLA en esta muestra fue del 22%, siendo significativamente alta en chicas (31%) en comparación con los chicos (14%) (χ2=6,83; p=0,001). El grupo SHLA obtuvo una puntuación considerablemente superior en la escala de ansiedad total CMAS-R (F=4,51; p=0,035), ansiedad fisiológica CMAS-R (F=7,19; p=0,008) y quejas somáticas CBCL (F=8,46; 0,004), y los análisis de regresión reflejaron que estas 3 variables eran factores predictivos de SHLA (χ2=36,77; p <0,001; r2=0,22). El grupo SHLA obtuvo también puntuaciones superiores en determinadas medidas conductuales. Conclusión: Los niños con SHLA tienen mayor frecuencia de trastornos de ansiedad y mayor intensidad de ansiedad fisiológica, quejas somáticas y, por tanto, podría utilizarse el SHLA como marcador para este fenotipo de ansiedad en los jóvenes

Background: Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) has been found to be associated with anxiety disorders in clinical and nonclinical populations, but to date no studies have evaluated this association in children. The main goal of this study is to evaluate JHS along with anxiety, somatic and behavioral measures in children to clarify if JHS is associated with any of these variables in this age range. Methods: A sample of 160 children (74 girls and 86 boys) ranging from 5 to 17 o were recruited from a Child-Adolescent Mental Health clinic to participate in the study. All children underwent a diagnostic interview using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. Instruments used include the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Screening Questionnaire to detect Hypermobility (SQ-CH) and the Children Manifested Anxiety Scale (CMAS-R). Results: The prevalence of JHS in this sample was 22%, and this was significantly higher in girls (31%) than in boys (14%) (χ2=6.83; P=.001). The JHS group scored significantly higher in the CMAS-R total anxiety (F=4.51; P=.035), CMAS-R Physiological anxiety (F=7.19; P=.008) and the CBCL somatic complaints (F=8.46; 0.004) and regression analyses showed that these 3 variables were predictors of JHS (χ2=36.77; P<.001; r2=0.22). The JHS group also scored higher in some behavioral measures. Conclusion: Children with JHS have higher frequency of anxiety disorders and higher intensity of physiological anxiety, somatic complaints, and therefore, JHS might be used as marker for this anxiety phenotype in youngsters

Sleep alterations in pediatric bipolar disorder versus attention deficit disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share numerous clinical features, which can make the differential diagnosis challenging. Studies conducted in adults suggest that patients with BD and ADHD have different sleep patterns. However, in pediatric populations, data on these potential differences are scant. The present preliminary study was conducted to identify potential differences in sleep alterations among youths diagnosed with BD or ADHD compared to healthy controls (HC). A total of 26 patients diagnosed with BD (n = 13) or ADHD (n = 13) were compared to 26 sex- and age-matched HC ([HCBD], n = 13, and [HCADHD], n = 13). All participants underwent polysomnography. The mean duration of stage N2 sleep was shorter in the BD group than in controls (HCBD). The BD group also had higher (non-significant) REM density (REMd) scores than controls while mean REMd scores were lower in the ADHD group versus controls. Compared to the ADHD group, the BD group presented a shorter N2 stage, a longer first REM sleep duration (R1), and greater REMd. According to our findings, these three variables-N2 stage, REMd, and R1-appear to differentiate patients with BD from those with ADHD and from HC.

Joint hypermobility is a marker for anxiety in children. / La hiperlaxitud articular como marcador de ansiedad en niños.

BACKGROUND: Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) has been found to be associated with anxiety disorders in clinical and nonclinical populations, but to date no studies have evaluated this association in children. The main goal of this study is to evaluate JHS along with anxiety, somatic and behavioral measures in children to clarify if JHS is associated with any of these variables in this age range. METHODS: A sample of 160 children (74 girls and 86 boys) ranging from 5 to 17 o were recruited from a Child-Adolescent Mental Health clinic to participate in the study. All children underwent a diagnostic interview using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. Instruments used include the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Screening Questionnaire to detect Hypermobility (SQ-CH) and the Children Manifested Anxiety Scale (CMAS-R). RESULTS: The prevalence of JHS in this sample was 22%, and this was significantly higher in girls (31%) than in boys (14%) (χ2=6.83; P=.001). The JHS group scored significantly higher in the CMAS-R total anxiety (F=4.51; P=.035), CMAS-R Physiological anxiety (F=7.19; P=.008) and the CBCL somatic complaints (F=8.46; 0.004) and regression analyses showed that these 3 variables were predictors of JHS (χ2=36.77; P<.001; r2=0.22). The JHS group also scored higher in some behavioral measures. CONCLUSION: Children with JHS have higher frequency of anxiety disorders and higher intensity of physiological anxiety, somatic complaints, and therefore, JHS might be used as marker for this anxiety phenotype in youngsters.

Psychiatric Home Hospitalization Unit of the Hospital del Mar. A crisis resolution and home treatment team in Barcelona. / Unidad de Hospitalización Domiciliaria del Hospital del Mar. Equipo de atención psiquiátrica domiciliaria en el área de Barcelona.

INTRODUCTION: Although home hospitalization has begun to develop widely in recent years there is a notable lack of studies. The following study includes data from the Psychiatric Home Hospitalization Unit of the Hospital del Mar (HADMar). This program has been running for 2years and takes place in a socio-demographically depressed area in Barcelona. It receives patients from community and hospital services. Monitoring is limited in time and at discharge patient are referred to the ambulatory unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients visited from 2015 to the present time were selected. A total of 135 patients were included in the sample. A qualitative descriptive study was carried out in order to define the socio-demographic characteristics. The severity of symptoms, suicidal risk and changes in the functionality were considered as clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 44.6 years and there were no gender differences. A total of 26 patients had a history of suicidal attempts and 11.1% lived alone; 51.1% were diagnosed with a psychotic disorder. The mean GEP score for the severity of the psychiatric symptoms was 2.39 and the mean risk of suicide was 0.49. There is an increase in the EEAG score from admission to discharge, which means an improvement in the functionality of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in our study are consistent with previous results. Home crisis intervention teams have proved to be an alternative to traditional hospitalization. However, more studies are needed to support these results.

A 12-month study of the hikikomori syndrome of social withdrawal: Clinical characterization and different subtypes proposal.

Social withdrawal is a new mental health problem increasingly common, present in different cultures, whose psychopathology and treatment is not yet established. This study aims to determine the socio-demographic and clinical features and possible clinical subtypes that predict the 12-month outcomes of cases with hikikomori syndrome, a severe form of social withdrawal. Socio-demographic and clinical data at baseline were analysed as well as data obtained for 12 months after at-home treatment in 190 cases. The inclusion criteria were: spending all time at home, avoiding social situations and relationships, significant deterioration due to social isolation, with a minimum duration of 6 months. Six major diagnostic groups were identified: affective, anxiety, psychotic, drug use, personality and other Axis I disorders. The anxiety-affective subgroup demonstrated lower clinical severity, but worse evolution. Less than half of the cases were available for medical follow-up at 12-months. Subjects undergoing intensive treatment had a higher medical follow-up rate and better social networks at 12-months. Therefore, our findings provide data to reach consensus on the specific characteristics of social isolation hikikomori syndrome. The analysis demonstrated the fragility and tendency to relapse and have disengagement, particularly relevant in the anxiety-affective subgroup, suggesting that intensive treatments are more effective.

Monitorización del riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico en niños y adolescentes en tratamiento antipsicótico: un estudio descriptivo transversal / Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of children and adolescents on antipsychotic treatment: a cross-sectional descriptive study

Antecedentes. El control cardiovascular y metabólico en pacientes que toman antipsicóticos es fundamental y adquiere una especial relevancia en la edad pediátrica, por ser pacientes más vulnerables y porque cada vez se prescriben fármacos de este tipo en más ocasiones. Objetivo. Describir el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de control de parámetros cardiovasculares y metabólicos en un grupo de niños y jóvenes en tratamiento antipsicótico. Método. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se comparan un grupo de 220 pacientes de 8-17 años, diagnosticados de trastorno mental (TM) y en tratamiento antipsicótico, con otro grupo de referencia constituido por 199 individuos asmáticos no expuestos a antipsicóticos del mismo grupo de edad. Los datos se extrajeron de la historia clínica informatizada ECAP en el año 2013. Resultados. La edad de los niños se sitúa entre los 8 y 17 años. La media de edad es de 12 años. La risperidona es el antipsicótico pautado más frecuentemente (62,7%). El porcentaje de registro de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y presión arterial (PA) es de aproximadamente un 50% en los pacientes del grupo TM. En el grupo TM se observa un mayor registro de los parámetros físicos de control cardiovascular (peso, talla, IMC y PA) en comparación con el grupo Asma. En conjunto, se registran más los parámetros físicos que los parámetros bioquímicos. Conclusiones. Este estudio evidencia la necesidad de seguir insistiendo en la monitorización de los parámetros cardiovasculares y metabólicos en los niños y jóvenes en tratamiento con antipsicóticos (AU)

Background. Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of patients on antipsychotic medication is essential. This becomes more important in those of paediatric age, as they are more vulnerable, and also because prescriptions of this kind of drugs are still increasing. Aim. To evaluate the monitoring of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a group of children and young people on antipsychotic medication. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which a group of 220 patients aged 8-17 years, diagnosed with a mental disorder and on antipsychotic treatment. They were compared to a control group of 199 asthmatic patients not exposed to antipsychotic drugs. Data was extracted from the computerised clinical history ECAP in 2013. Results. The mean age of the children was 12 years (8-17). Risperidone (67%) was the most frequent treatment. The recording of Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure (AP) was 50% in Mental Disorder (MD) patients. A higher number of cardiovascular monitoring physical parameters (weight, height, BMI and BP) were observed in the MD group compared to the control Asthma control group. Altogether, more physical parameters than biochemistry parameters were recorded. Conclusions. This study shows that the recording of cardiovascular parameters and metabolic studies needs to be improved in children and adolescents on treatment with antipsychotics (AU)

Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of children and adolescents on antipsychotic treatment: A cross-sectional descriptive study. / Monitorización del riesgo cardiovascular y metabólico en niños y adolescentes en tratamiento antipsicótico: un estudio descriptivo transversal.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular and metabolic monitoring of patients on antipsychotic medication is essential. This becomes more important in those of paediatric age, as they are more vulnerable, and also because prescriptions of this kind of drugs are still increasing. AIM: To evaluate the monitoring of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a group of children and young people on antipsychotic medication. METHOD: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in which a group of 220 patients aged 8-17 years, diagnosed with a mental disorder and on antipsychotic treatment. They were compared to a control group of 199 asthmatic patients not exposed to antipsychotic drugs. Data was extracted from the computerised clinical history ECAP in 2013. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 12 years (8-17). Risperidone (67%) was the most frequent treatment. The recording of Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure (AP) was 50% in Mental Disorder (MD) patients. A higher number of cardiovascular monitoring physical parameters (weight, height, BMI and BP) were observed in the MD group compared to the control Asthma control group. Altogether, more physical parameters than biochemistry parameters were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the recording of cardiovascular parameters and metabolic studies needs to be improved in children and adolescents on treatment with antipsychotics.

Joint hypermobility is also associated with anxiety disorders in the elderly population.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders (AD) are very prevalent in the elderly, tend to compromise quality of life, and generate substantial costs. Considering that the prevention and early detection of anxiety may be relevant to increase health gains in older adults, it would be of great interest to identify whether the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is also related to anxiety disorders in this age range. METHODS: Cross-sectional data was collected in a sample of 108 subjects in a rural town in Spain. Instruments included Spielberger STAI, a modified Wolpe Fear Survey Schedule, General health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28, and the anxiety and mood disorders section of the SCID, to assess past year prevalence of anxiety disorders. JHS was evaluated by trained examiners using the "Hospital del Mar criteria". RESULTS: Among the 108 subjects (55% women, 45% men) over 60 years old, 21.3% meet criteria for JHS. These subjects scored significantly higher in both State (F = 5.53; p = 0.02) and Trait (F = 4.68; p = 0.03) anxiety and the GHQ 28 (F = 6.29; p = 0.01). Compared with non JHS subjects, they had more AD (34.8% vs. 11.8%; x2  = 6.90; p = 0.02) and mood disorders (30.4% vs. 10.6%; x2  = 5.65; p = 0.041) in the past year prevalence. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that both JHS (ß = 0.196; p = 0.04) and fears (ß = 0.34; p = 0.001) are predictors of AD (r2  = 188; p = 0.001) in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Joint hypermobility syndrome is associated with anxiety in the elderly population, and it may be used as a physical marker for AD among subjects within this age range. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with a severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk (CVR) has been observed to be higher in patients with severe mental illness (SMI) than in the general population. However, some studies suggest that CVR is not equally increased in different subgroups of SMI. The purposes of this review are to summarise CVR scores of SMI patients and to determine the differences in CVR between patients with different SMIs and between SMI patients and the control-population. METHODS: MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched for literature published through August 28, 2014, followed by a snowball search in the Web of Science. Observational and experimental studies that reported CVR assessments in SMI patients using validated tools were included. The risk of bias was reported using STROBE and CONSORT criteria. Pooled continuous data were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. RESULTS: A total of 3,608 articles were identified, of which 67 full text papers were assessed for eligibility and 35 were finally included in our review, in which 12,179 psychiatric patients and 225,951 comparative patients had been assessed. The most frequent diagnoses were schizophrenia and related diagnoses (45.7%), depressive disorders (14.7%), SMI (11.4%) and bipolar disorders (8.6%). The most frequent CVR assessment tool used was the Framingham risk score. Subgroups analysis showed a higher CVR in schizophrenia than in depressive disorder or in studies that included patients with multiple psychiatric diagnoses (SMD: 0.63, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Total overall CVR did not differ between SMI patients and controls (SMD: 0.35 [95% CI:-0.02 to 0.71], p = 0.06); high heterogeneity was observed (I (2) = 93%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The summary of results from studies that assessed CVR using validated tools in SMI patients did not find sufficient data (except for limited evidence associated with schizophrenia) to permit any clear conclusions about increased CVR in this group of patients compared to the general population. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO: CRD42013003898 .

Diagnostic accuracy and adequacy of treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders: A comparison of primary care and specialized care patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical diagnosis of depressive and anxiety disorders has poor sensitivity, and treatment is often not guideline-concordant. This longitudinal study aims to compare diagnostic validity and treatment adequacy in primary care (PC) and specialized care (SC), to assess associated risk factors, and to evaluate their impact on clinical outcome at one-month and three-month follow-ups. METHODS: Two hundred twelve patients with depressive and anxious symptoms were recruited from 3 PC and 1 SC centers in Barcelona, Spain. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated comparing medical records׳ diagnoses with a reference (MINI interview). Adequate treatment was defined according to clinical guidelines. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations with risk factors. Impact on outcome was assessed with MANOVA models. RESULTS: Valid diagnosis of depression was more frequent in patients attending SC. Sensitivity for depression was 0.75 in SC and 0.49 in PC (adjusted OR=17.34, 95% CI=4.73-63.61). Detection of anxious comorbidity in depressed patients was low (50%) in SC. Treatment adequacy of depressive disorders was higher in SC than in PC (94.4% vs. 80.6%, adjusted OR=8.11, 95% CI=1.39-47.34). Depression severity was associated with valid diagnosis. LIMITATIONS: Only four disorders (major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder) were evaluated with the MINI interview in a convenience clinical sample. Treatment dosage was unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that GPs need tools to improve detection of depression and its severity. Psychiatrists should enhance recognition of anxious comorbidity. Evaluation of the impact on outcome deserves further research.

Validation of clinical symptom IRT scores for diagnosis and severity assessment of common mental disorders.

PURPOSE: We studied the validity and responsiveness of an item response theory (IRT) scoring method for assessing major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) severity based on direct assessment of DSM-IV-TR symptoms. METHODS: Prospective cohort study (baseline, 1-month, 3-months assessments) of patients seeking help for incident or aggravated mood or anxiety symptoms from primary, outpatient and inpatient mental health centers (N = 244; 67.81 % active cases - 100 % under psychiatric treatment). The drop-out rate at 3 months was 24.89 %. Patients were assessed at each follow-up for presence/absence of DSM-IV symptoms of MDE (nine symptoms) and GAD (eight symptoms). IRT scores for depression (INS-D) and anxiety (INS-G), based on response patterns, were obtained by means of a 2-parameter model. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analysis, using a blinded MINI interview as gold standard. Scores' construct validity was compared with external clinician-administered (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HRSD; Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAM-A) and self-reported severity measures (PHQ-9; Beck Anxiety Inventory-Subjective Aspects, BAI-Sub). Responsiveness was analyzed based on the evolution of HRSD and HAM-A scores. RESULTS: Both severity scores showed excellent reliability (INS-D: 0.92; INS-G: 0.93) and yielded high diagnostic accuracy (INS-D: AUC = 0.96; INS-G: AUC = 0.91) with respect to MINI diagnoses. INS-D and INS-G had higher correlations with clinician-administered measures of the same disorder (INS-D-HRSD: 0.73; INS-G-HAM-A: 0.53) than with self-reported measures (INS-D-PHQ-9: 0.69; INS-G-BAI-Sub: 0.49). Patients who recovered during follow-up showed important decreases in severity (Cohen's d INS-D:-1.38; INS-G: -1.75). About 90 % variance of INS-D and INS-G score changes over time was associated with changes in clinical status. CONCLUSIONS: INS-D and INS-G are short reliable, valid, and responsive measures that can be used for diagnostic and severity assessment of mood and anxiety disorders in outpatient care.

Somatotipo ectomórfico e hiperlaxitud articular como marcadores potenciales para la ansiedad comórbida en la esquizofrenia / Ectomorphic somatotype and joint hypermobility as potential markers for co-morbid anxiety in schizophrenia

Objetivo: Evaluar si la asociación descrita entre los trastornos de ansiedad y el síndrome de hiperlaxitud articular se mantiene en presencia de esquizofrenia y determinar su importancia clínica. Métodos: Se comparan 20 pacientes casos (10 hombres y 10 mujeres) con esquizofrenia y ansiedad comórbida y 20 pacientes de control, emparejados por sexo, con esquizofrenia sin ansiedad y diagnosticados mediante SCID-I. Se valoran las características sociodemográficas, las escalas de sintomatología positiva y negativa de la esquizofrenia (PANSS), Ansiedad Social de Liebowitz (LSAS) y Adaptación Social (SAS), el somatotipo (método Heath-Carter), las anomalías físicas menores (escala de Waldrop) y los criterios del Hospital del Mar para la hiperlaxitud articular. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas por sexo entre los casos y controles en cuanto a edad y características sociodemográficas (estado civil, nivel educativo y situación laboral). Los hombres con ansiedad fueron significativamente más ectomórficos (U = 20; p =0.023), más hiperlaxos (U = 21; p = 0.025) y con menos anomalías físicas menores (U = 14.5; p = 0.007) que los hombres del grupo control. Las mujeres con ansiedad fueron significativamente más ectomórficas (U = 17; p = 0.009) y más hiperlaxas (U = 19; p = 0.017). En toda la muestra, tras ajustar por edad y sexo, únicamente la hiperlaxitud articular se asocia de manera independiente con la ansiedad social (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 1.02-1.2). Discusión: En los pacientes con esquizofrenia, la asociación entre hiperlaxitud articular, somatotipo ectomórfico y ansiedad comórbida parece persistir.Es un probable marcador clínico-biológico de interés.

To evaluate whether the reported link between anxiety disorders and joint hypermobility syndrome still holds in the presence of schizophrenia, and to ascertain its clinical relevance. Methods: Twenty schizophrenic case-patients (10 men and 10 women) with a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosed by SCID-I were compared to 20 schizophrenic control-patients without anxiety, matched by gender. Socio-demographic characteristics, positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (PANSS), Liebowitz Social Anxiety scale (LSAS), Social Adjustment Scale (SAS), somatotype (Heath-Carter method), minor physical anomalies (Waldrop scale), and Hospital del Mar criteria for joint hypermobility were also assessed. Re-sults: There were no significant differences by gender between cases and controls in terms of age and sociodemographic characteristics (educational level, marital status and labor situation). Men displaying anxiety were significantly more ectomorphic (U = 20; p = 0.023), more hypermobile (U = 21; p = 0.025) and had fewer minor physical anomalies (U = 14.5; p = 0.007) than controls. Women with anxiety were significantly more ectomorphic (U = 17; p = 0.009) and more hypermobile (U = 19; p = 0.017) than con-trols. In the entire sample, after adjusting for age and sex, joint hypermobility was independently related to social anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.02-1.2). Discussion: In patients with schizophrenia, the association between JHS, ectomorphic somatotype and co-morbid anxiety seems to persist. It is a probable clinical biological marker of interest.

The effectiveness of lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with severe mental disorders: meta-analysis of intervention studies.

Patients with severe mental illness have higher prevalences of cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). The objective is to determine whether interventions to modify lifestyles in these patients reduce anthropometric and analytical parameters related to CRF in comparison to routine clinical practice. Systematic review of controlled clinical trials with lifestyle intervention in Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO and CINALH. Change in body mass index, waist circumference, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood sugar. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models to estimate the weighted mean difference. Heterogeneity was determined using i(2) statistical and subgroups analyses. 26 studies were selected. Lifestyle interventions decrease anthropometric and analytical parameters at 3 months follow up. At 6 and 12 months, the differences between the intervention and control groups were maintained, although with less precision. More studies with larger samples and long-term follow-up are needed.